Author(s): Ongayi Wadesango
This desktop review explores the evolving landscape of stakeholder identification and classification, focusing on the growing significance of social and environmental stakeholders in corporate strategy and sustainability. Traditionally, businesses prioritised profit maximisation for shareholders; however, contemporary thought particularly stakeholder theory—recognises the broader spectrum of individuals and groups affected by or capable of influencing business activities. Drawing exclusively from existing literature, the paper analyses key stakeholder categories primary, secondary, negligible, qualified claimants using attributes such as power, legitimacy, and urgency. It also delves into the dynamic role of NGOs, CBOs, the media, and regulatory authorities in shaping business practices. South African case examples, such as the #FeesMustFall campaign and Marikana protests, highlight the high cost of neglecting stakeholder engagement. The review concludes that inadequate recognition of all stakeholder groups, particularly those traditionally deemed "negligible," can result in substantial operational, reputational, and financial costs. Effective stakeholder engagement, therefore, requires inclusive, continuous, and strategic interaction, particularly within socially and environmentally sensitive contexts.