Author(s): Nemushungwa Azwifaneli Innocentia, Kgaloshi Molebowe Frans, Thlaka Kholofelo Lorraine, Munzhelele Tshilidzi Whinfrey
Universal social protection is increasingly recognised as a critical mechanism for reducing poverty, inequality, and vulnerability, particularly in climate-sensitive contexts. Community-based social protection organisations (CBSPOs) offer a promising pathway to support just transitions by fostering resilience, local innovation, and social equity. This study surveys the role of CBSPOs in promoting climate adaptation and sustainable energy use in South Africa’s Vhembe District, focusing on biogas digesters implemented in Tshikuyu and Dovho Primary Schools. The study synthesises evidence on community-driven social protection, climate adaptation, and renewable energy adoption, using a semi-systematic literature review guided by PRISMA principles. Findings highlight the multifaceted benefits of biogas technology, including enhanced health outcomes, reduced dependence on firewood, improved food production, income generation, skills development, and strengthened community participation. The study underscores the potential of CBSPOs to operationalise just transition objectives at the grassroots level and provides practical recommendations for scaling sustainable energy interventions in rural schools and communities.